METADATA
A. OBJECTIVE/S OF THE SURVEY
The Occupational Wages Survey (OWS) aims to generate statistics for wage and salary administration and for wage determination in collective bargaining negotiations.
B. USES OF THE DATA
Statistics on wage rates are useful economic indicators and are inputs to wage, income, productivity and price policies, wage fixing and collective bargaining. Specifically, occupational wage rates can be used to measure wage differentials, wage inequality in typical low wage and high wage occupations and for international comparability. Industry data on basic pay and allowance can be used to measure wage differentials across industries,, for investment decisions and as reference in periodic adjustments of minimum wages.
C. MAIN TOPICS COVERED BY THE SURVEY
Main topics covered by the survey are occupational wage rates, median basic pay and median allowances of time-rate workers on full-time basis.
D. REFERENCE PERIOD
Pay period that includes August 31.
E. PERIODICITY (FREQUENCY)
Every 2 years.
F. COVERAGE OF THE SURVEY
Geographical: The whole country.
Industrial: Non-agricultural industries except national postal activities, central banking, public administration and defense and compulsory social security, public education services, public medical, dental and other health services, activities of membership organizations, extra territorial organizations and bodies. For purposes of monitoring occupational wage rates, 45 non-agricultural industries were pre-determined out of the 60 covered by the survey.
The selection of the 45 industries were based on the Investment Priority Plan of the Board of Investments; export winners identified by the Department of Trade and Industry; areas of cooperation under the BIMP-EAGA; industries likely to be affected by GATT; industries monitored by the ILO industrial committees and similar bodies; and emerging industries as in the case of Call Center Activities; and Medical Transcription and Related Outsourcing Activities.
Establishments: Non-agricultural establishments employing 20 persons or more.
Persons: Time-rate workers on full-time basis.
Occupations: At most 10 occupations are covered in each of the 45 selected industries to represent the major occupational groups in the PSOC. In some instances, however, more occupations were drawn for a particular major occupation group depending on the relative importance of the occupations in the pre-determined industry. For instance, in mining and quarrying, selected manufacturing industries, and construction, more occupations were taken from trade skills and machine operation. In trade, postal and telecommunications and most business services, more clerical occupations were selected. In health and social work and in private education services, mostly professional workers were drawn. In hotels and restaurants, more service occupations were chosen.
The selection of the occupations across the 45 industries were based on the relative importance of the occupations in the industry and the PSOC; consultations with employers' and workers' groups, government agencies and the academe; Initial List of Indicative Offers to the Coordinating Committee on Services--General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS ASEAN BLOC); Catalogue of the Occupational Skills Standards for National Certification Program of the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority; Occupations covered by the ILO October Inquiry on Occupational Wages and Hours of Work; 2001-2002 Key Indicators of the Labor Market of the International Labour Office; and Occupational Employment Survey (OES) of the US Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Wage rates of two (2) benchmark occupations, accounting and bookkeeping clerks; and unskilled laborers except janitors, messengers and freight handlers are monitored in all industries covered by the survey.
G. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
Establishment:an economic unit engaged in one or predominantly one kind of economic activity under a single ownership or control at a single fixed location, e.g. mine, factory, store, bank, restaurant. For multi-unit enterprises with different outlets and subsidiaries or whose activities are located at different locations, each branch, outlet or subsidiary is considered an establishment. For firms engaged in activities which may be physically dispersed such as mining, construction, real estate development, transportation, communication, insurance, etc., the establishment is the base from which personnel operate to carry out their activities or from which they are paid.
Time-rate Workers on Full-time Basis: refer to those paid on the basis of an hour, day or month and who work at jobs with hours of work equal to or more than those considered normal or regular to the establishment.
Wage Rates: defined as including basic pay and regular/guaranteed cash allowances. Basic Pay refers to pay for normal/regular working time before deductions for employees' social security contributions and withholding taxes. It excludes overtime, night shift differential and other premium pay; commissions, tips and share of employees in service charges; and payments in kind. Allowances include cost of living allowance but exclude reimbursements for travel, entertainment, meals and other expenses, etc. incurred in conducting the business of the employer; cost of uniform/working clothes; bonuses and gratuities; and family allowances.
H. UNIT/S OF MEASUREMENT
In pesos for wage rates, median basic pay and median allowances; percentages for the distribution of time rate workers on full-time basis by basic pay and allowance intervals.
I. CLASSIFICATIONS
Geographical: The geographic classification is based on the 2002 Philippine Standard Geographic Classification (PSGC).
Industrial: The industry classification is based on the 1994 Philippine Standard Industrial Classification (PSIC) as amended. It was patterned after the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), Rev. 3 of the United Nations, up to the 4-digit level, but with modifications to suit national situations and circumstances.
Occupational: The occupational classification is based on the Philippine Standard Occupational Classification (PSOC) 2002 update. It was patterned after the 1988 International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) of the International Labour Office with modifications to suit the national context.
Employment size: The classification of establishments according to employment size is based on their average total employment, i.e., 20-99; 100-199; 200 and over.
J. SAMPLING DESIGN
Statistical unit: The statistical unit is the establishment. Each unit is classified to an industry that reflects its main economic activity---the activity that contributes the biggest or major portion of the gross income or revenues of the establishment.
Survey universe/Sampling frame: The 2006 BLES Survey Sampling Frame (SSF 2006) is an integrated list of establishments culled from the 2004 List of Establishments of the National Statistics Office, updated 2004 BLES Sampling Frame based on the status of establishments reported in the 2003/2004 BLES Integrated Survey (BITS). Reports on closures and retrenchments of establishments submitted to the Regional Offices of the Department of Labor and Employment were also considered in preparing the 2006 frame.
Sampling design: The OWS is a sample survey of non-agricultural establishments employing 20 persons or more where the survey domain is the industry. Those establishments employing at least 200 persons are covered with certainty and the rest are sampled. The design does not consider the region as a domain to allow for more industry coverage.
Sample size: For 2006 OWS, number of establishments covered was 7,630 of which, 6,432 were eligible units.
K. FIELD WORK
Data collection: The survey is conducted in coordination with the Regional Offices (except the National Capital Region regional office) of the Department of Labor and Employment. On a project basis, employees are hired to personally deliver and retrieve the questionnaires from the establishments. In some instances, questionnaires are mailed to establishments in less accessible or conflict prone areas, in which case a self-addressed envelope is provided. The establishments may also submit the accomplished questionnaires through fax. Delivery of questionnaires starts in August of the reference year and retrieval will commence after all questionnaires have been delivered or within 10 working days from delivery to an establishment or on a date agreed upon by the contact person and the enumerator. The basic data originate from the payroll records of establishments.
To assist the respondents in classifying their job titles that may have different nomenclatures than the PSOC, an occupational sheet is inserted in the questionnaire of an establishment whose industry belongs to the 45 pre-determined industries that will be monitored on occupational wage rates. This sheet contains a list of the occupations being monitored in each of the industry and their corresponding job descriptions in accordance with the PSOC.
The occupations may vary across establishments depending on their industry classification. Establishments that fall outside the 45 industries are not given occupational sheets. However, in the event that the industry of such establishment has been misclassified in the sampling frame and it should have been provided an occupational sheet, the field staff is instructed to give the respondent the relevant occupational sheet. The two (2) occupations considered as benchmark (accounting and bookkeeping clerks; and unskilled laborers except janitors, messengers and freight handlers) and their corresponding job descriptions appear in the pertinent portion of the survey questionnaire. Wage rates of these occupations will be monitored in all 60 industries covered by the survey.
Survey questionnaire: The questionnaire is made up of several parts, i.e.
Cover page - contains the address box for the establishment and other particulars;
Page 2 - provides information on the survey objective, scope and uses of the data; confidentiality clause; collection authority; authorized field personnel; coverage; periodicity and reference period; due date; and availability of results;
Part A: General Information - inquires on the main economic activity and major product/s, goods or services of the establishment and total employment;
Part B: Employment and Wage Rates of Time-Rate Workers on Full Time Basis - inquires data on the distribution of time-rate workers on full-time basis by time unit (hourly, daily, monthly) and basic pay and allowance intervals;
Part C: Employment and Wage Rates of Time-Rate Workers on Full Time Basis in Selected Occupations - for each occupation covered, the establishment is asked to report the time unit of work (hourly, daily, monthly), corresponding basic pay per worker and number of full-time workers for each basic pay reported. Similar data are also asked for workers in the occupation that are given regular allowances. The total number of time-rate workers on full-time basis disaggregated by sex in each monitored occupation is likewise requested;
Survey Results - selected statistics from the June 2004 survey round are provided for information of the respondents;
Part D: Certification - this box is provided for the respondent’s name and signature, position, and telephone/fax numbers and e-mail address; time spent in answering the questionnaire; comments or suggestions (on the data it provided for the survey, results of previous survey round and improvements on the design/contents of the questionnaire);
Part E: Survey Personnel - this portion is allocated for the names of personnel involved in collection, editing and review of each questionnaire and dates when the activities were completed; and
Part F: Industries with Selected Occupations - this lists the selected 45 industries whose occupational employment and wage rates are being monitored.
Substitution of sampling units: There is no substitution of sampling units.
L. DATA PROCESSING AND EDITING
Data are manually and electronically processed. Upon collection of accomplished questionnaires, enumerators perform field editing before leaving the establishments to ensure completeness, consistency and reasonableness of entries in accordance with the field operations manual. The forms are again checked for data consistency and completeness by their field supervisors.
The BLES personnel undertake the final review, coding of information on classifications used, data entry and validation and scrutiny of aggregated results for coherence. Questionnaires with incomplete or inconsistent entries are returned to the establishments for verification, personally or through mail.
Microsoft Access is used for data encoding and generation of validation prooflists. After checking accuracy of encoding based on the prooflists, a conversion program using SPSS is executed to generate output tables.
M. TYPES OF ESTIMATES
- Average monthly wage rates of time-rate workers on full-time basis in selected industries and occupations
- Average monthly wage rates of benchmark occupations in non-agricultural industries
- Percent distribution of time rate workers on full-time basis by industry (or by region) and monthly basic pay and monthly allowances
- Median monthly basic pay and median monthly allowances of time-rate workers on full-time basis by industry (or by region)
N. ESTIMATION / COMPILATION METHODOLOGY
Not all of the fielded questionnaires are accomplished. During data collection, there are reports of permanent closures, non-location, duplicate listing and shifts in industry and employment outside the survey coverage. Establishments that fall in these categories are not eligible elements (three consecutive survey rounds for “can not be located” establishments) of the frame and their count is not considered in the estimation. Non-respondents are made up of refusals, strikes or temporary closures, can not be located (less than three consecutive survey rounds) and those establishments whose questionnaires contain inconsistent item responses and have not replied to the verification queries by the time output table generation commences.
Respondents are post-stratified as to geographic, industry and employment size classifications. Non-respondents are retained in their classifications.
Sample values of basic pay and allowances for the monitored occupations whose basis of payment is an hour or a day are converted into a standard monthly equivalent, assuming 313 working days and 8 hours per day. Daily rate x 26.08333; Hourly rate x 208.66667.Estimates are obtained by simple expansion, i.e. by multiplying the sample values at the cell level (industry and employment size) by the corresponding blowing-up factor which is the ratio of the estimated population of establishments to the number of responding establishments. These estimates are then aggregated to the desired totals.
Dividing the estimated total basic pay (or total allowances) in each occupation by the corresponding estimate of time rate workers on full-time basis results to the average monthly basic pay or average monthly allowances as the case may be. The monthly average basic pay and monthly average allowances are then summed up to provide the average monthly wage rates by occupation.
The median monthly basic pay is computed from the estimated distribution of workers by monthly basic pay. On the other hand, the median monthly allowance is computed only for those workers reported with allowances.
O. ADJUSTMENTS
Non-response: Non-response is taken into account in the weighing procedure.
Other bias: No adjustments are made.
Use of benchmark data: No benchmark data is used.
Use of other surveys: No other survey data are used.
Seasonal variations: Not applicable.
P. INDICATORS OF THE RELIABILITY OF THE ESTIMATES
Coverage of the sampling frame: Partially updated.
Sampling error/Sampling variance: Coefficients of variation on occupational wage rates are also published.
Non-response rate: For 2006 OWS, the non-response rate in terms of eligible units is 24.4%.
Non-sampling errors: These may occur due to inaccuracies in reporting by establishments and enumerators, mistakes in coding, editing and data entry. However, efforts are made to reduce non-sampling errors by careful design of the questionnaire, intensive training of survey personnel, linkages with key informants (employers’ and workers groups, government agencies and the academe) and through adoption and documentation of efficient operating procedures.
Conformity with other sources: The survey results are checked for consistency with the results of previous OWS data and the minimum wage rates corresponding to the reference period of the survey.
Estimates for non-survey years: Not relevant
Q. HISTORY OF THE SURVEY
Scope and Coverage: From 1997 to the 2004 survey rounds, the OWS was a complete enumeration survey of non-agricultural establishments employing 50 persons or more. Starting the 2006 OWS, employment size cut-off was lowered to 20 persons. The 2002 OWS was limited to Metro Manila due to budget cuts.
A total of 60 industries are covered in the 2006 OWS, up from 58 in the 2002 and 2004 rounds, 57 in 1999 round and 52 in 1997 OWS. Pre-determined industries for wage monitoring now total to 45 with the addition of Call Center Activities; and Medical Transcription and Related Outsourcing Activities in 2006. The selected industries numbered 43 in 2002 and 2004 OWS and 41 in 1997 and 1999 rounds.
A total of 169 occupations are covered in the pre-determined industries in the 2006 OWS round, from 168 in 2002 and 2004 rounds, 161 in 1999 and 1997. Starting with the 2002 survey round, wage rates of two (2) benchmark occupations, accounting and bookkeeping clerks; and unskilled laborers except janitors, messengers and freight handlers are monitored in all industries covered.
From 1989 to 1995, the OWS provided average monthly wage rates of 22 low-paying/prevalent occupations in 21 non-agricultural industries and monthly median wage rates in all major non-agricultural industries. Covering time-rate workers (in non-agricultural establishments employing at least 5 workers in 1989-1993 and those employing at least 10 workers in 1994-1995), its purpose was to provide statistics in aid to minimum wage determination.
In 1996, the OWS was re-designed to focus on the wage rates of relatively skilled occupations in industries likely to be affected by the changing global and economic structure. The survey aims to generate statistics for wage and salary administration and for wage determination in collective bargaining negotiations.
In 2001, the OWS was reviewed relative to the covered industries and occupations and reference period to enhance the relevance and timeliness of the statistics produced. At most 10 occupations will be covered in each of the selected industries. The bases for the review were the 2001-2002 Key Indicators of the Labour Market of the ILO, the list of emerging occupations reported in one of the BLES surveys, the Occupational Employment Survey of the US Bureau of Labor Statistics and consultations with the data users.
Periodicity and Reference Period: The 1989-1995 OWS was conducted every semester except for the 1990 OWS, which was conducted quarterly. For occupational wage data, the reference periods were the end of each calendar quarter while for the distribution of time-rate workers, the reference periods were the end of June and December. Except for the 1994, 1995 and 1997 survey rounds whose data collection was undertaken by the National Statistics Office, the BLES handled the field operations.
For the 1997 and 1999 rounds, October was adopted as the reference period of the survey for international comparability since the Bureau of Statistics of the International Labour Office has an annual inquiry on occupational wage rates and normal hours of work where October is the reference period of the data.
Although the 1997 and 1999 survey rounds of the revised OWS had October as reference, data collection did not commence immediately after the reference point as the fiscal year of the Philippine government ends in December and data collection can only commence in the next year (March/April). Experience from past surveys of the BLES showed that data retrieval from establishments during the last months of the year is quite low or slows down for surveys whose data collection starts late in the year.
Another consideration in the shift of the reference period of the third round of the OWS from October 2001 to June 2002 was the need to capture the effects of minimum wage adjustments. A survey conducted by the BLES revealed that a substantial proportion of establishments based their wage adjustments on government fixed wages. In some instances, minimum wages were being implemented on a staggered basis. In the National Capital Region (Metro Manila) where at least half of time-rate workers are found (based on the 1999 OWS), a Wage Order mandated a staggered adjustment with effectivity dates in November 2001 and February 2002. The shift in the reference period improved the timeliness of the data from 17 to 12 months after reference period.
However, for the 2006 survey round, the reference period was moved to August as the new series of regional wage orders took effect in July and August that year.
The OWS is one of the designated statistical activities in E.O. 352 (s. 1996) that will generate critical data for decision making of the government and the private sector. The data category average monthly occupational wage rates in selected occupations is among those listed by the Philippine government under the Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS) of the International Monetary Fund. The SDDS serves as reference to member countries in the dissemination of economic and financial data to the public.
R. AVAILABLE SERIES:
Due to the changes in scope and coverage through the years, users are cautioned in making comparisons using the OWS data series as follows:
- 2006 (nationwide, covers non-agricultural establishments employing 20 persons or more
- 2004 nationwide, covers non-agricultural establishments employing 50 persons or more
- 2002 (Metro Manila only, covers non-agricultural establishments employing 50 persons or more
- 1994-1995 (nationwide, covers non-agricultural establishments employing 10 persons or more)
- 1989-1993 (nationwide, covers non-agricultural establishments employing 5 persons or mor
A. PERIODICITY OF DISSEMINATION
Starting with the 2002 OWS, the survey results are released a year after its reference period.
B. ADVANCE RELEASE CALENDAR
An advance release calendar that gives one-quarter-ahead notice of the approximate release date is posted in the BLES Homepage.
C. DISSEMINATION FORMATS
Hard Copy
- LABSTAT Updates; (LABSTAT Digest for October 1997 results)
- Yearbook of Labor Statistics
Electronic
- BLES Homepage: http://www.bles.dole.gov.ph
- CD-ROM (4-in-1): Philippine Industry Yearbook of Labor Statistics; Yearbook of Labor Statistics; Gender Statistics on Labor and Employment; LABSTAT Updates
The compilation and dissemination of the data are governed by the terms and conditions of Executive Order No. 126 (January 30, 1987) creating the Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics and Executive Order 352 (July 1, 1996) designating the OWS as one of the statistical activities critical for decision making of the government and the private sector.
While E.O. 126 is silent on the confidentiality of individual responses from surveys conducted by the BLES, it collects data under the pledge of confidentiality. A statement to this effect is printed in all the questionnaires of BLES surveys.